{"id":1230,"date":"2026-02-09T09:33:40","date_gmt":"2026-02-09T09:33:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fll.univ-bba.dz\/?page_id=1230"},"modified":"2026-02-17T12:26:59","modified_gmt":"2026-02-17T12:26:59","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/?page_id=1230","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1230\" class=\"elementor elementor-1230\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-127dc4c8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"127dc4c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29c23119 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29c23119\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37d7a7b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"37d7a7b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5561d3dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5561d3dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: Simplified Arabic;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0645\u0629:<\/span><\/h4><h4 class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-DZ\" style=\"font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: FR;\">\u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-DZ\" style=\"font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: FR;\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"> souhila.mohamadi@univ-bba.dz<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a204687 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5a204687\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"238\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ChatGPT-Image-17-fevr.-2026-13_25_50-238x300.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1860\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ChatGPT-Image-17-fevr.-2026-13_25_50-238x300.png 238w, https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ChatGPT-Image-17-fevr.-2026-13_25_50-811x1024.png 811w, https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ChatGPT-Image-17-fevr.-2026-13_25_50-768x969.png 768w, https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ChatGPT-Image-17-fevr.-2026-13_25_50.png 1007w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 238px) 100vw, 238px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2345e673 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2345e673\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4af6714f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4af6714f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/span><\/p><ul><li>\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647.<\/li><li>\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li><li>\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627<\/li><li>\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647.<\/li><li>\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629.<\/li><li>\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/li><li>\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/span><\/p><ul><li>\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/li><li>\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/li><li>\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/li><li>\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-629d1caa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"629d1caa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f4bba99 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f4bba99\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c13b30 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c13b30\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33273eaa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"33273eaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; text-align: start;\">1. \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646:<\/span><\/h4><h4 class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-DZ\" style=\"font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: FR;\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629: \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0629<span style=\"color: #000080;\"> sofiane.benhamouda@univ-bba.dz<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15fdc634 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"15fdc634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ChatGPT-Image-17-fevr.-2026-08_22_23-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1843\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ChatGPT-Image-17-fevr.-2026-08_22_23-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ChatGPT-Image-17-fevr.-2026-08_22_23-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ChatGPT-Image-17-fevr.-2026-08_22_23-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ChatGPT-Image-17-fevr.-2026-08_22_23.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16d59011 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"16d59011\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58b9cbc7 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58b9cbc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 1.25rem; font-weight: bold;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645:<\/span><\/p><ul><li><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\"><span data-wiz-uids=\"sHVXmc_10\">\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span>:<\/strong> \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\"><span data-wiz-uids=\"sHVXmc_q\">\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a<\/span>:<\/strong> \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629&#8230;<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\"><span data-wiz-uids=\"sHVXmc_v\">\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/span>:<\/strong> \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a.<\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"T286Pc\" data-sfc-cp=\"\"><strong class=\"Yjhzub\"><span data-wiz-uids=\"sHVXmc_1f\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/span>:<\/strong> \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/span><span class=\"uJ19be notranslate\" data-wiz-uids=\"sHVXmc_1h,sHVXmc_1i\"><span class=\"vKEkVd\" data-animation-atomic=\"\" data-wiz-attrbind=\"class=sHVXmc_1g\/TKHnVd\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\"> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><strong>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/strong><\/p><p data-start=\"49\" data-end=\"71\"><strong data-start=\"49\" data-end=\"69\">1. \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li data-start=\"74\" data-end=\"145\">\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 (\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0637\u0640\u0644\u060c \u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f).<\/li><li data-start=\"148\" data-end=\"183\">\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645.<\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"185\" data-end=\"249\"><strong data-start=\"185\" data-end=\"247\">2. \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d (ATSS):<\/strong><\/p><ul><li data-start=\"252\" data-end=\"289\">\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629.<\/li><li data-start=\"292\" data-end=\"340\">\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ad5964e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6ad5964e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c3471a4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5c3471a4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73b158ba e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"73b158ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3313701d elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3313701d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/03-1-300x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1409\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/03-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/03-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/03-1.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b1e0e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b1e0e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-bottom: 1.6rem; font-family: 'Times New Roman', sans-serif; font-weight: 400; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">2. \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p><h4 dir=\"RTL\" style=\"direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-DZ\" style=\"font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629: \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0642<span style=\"color: #000080;\"> samir.mosaddek@univ-bba.dz<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-200d744d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"200d744d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e863efa elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e863efa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 1.25rem; font-weight: bold;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645:<\/span><\/p><ul><li data-start=\"65\" data-end=\"112\">\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li><li data-start=\"115\" data-end=\"168\">\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646.<\/li><li data-start=\"171\" data-end=\"206\">\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/li><li data-start=\"209\" data-end=\"242\">\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li><li data-start=\"245\" data-end=\"288\">\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/li><li data-start=\"291\" data-end=\"341\">\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/strong><\/p><p data-start=\"58\" data-end=\"81\"><strong data-start=\"58\" data-end=\"79\">1. \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li data-start=\"84\" data-end=\"116\">\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/li><li data-start=\"119\" data-end=\"147\">\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/li><li data-start=\"150\" data-end=\"173\">\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"175\" data-end=\"197\"><strong data-start=\"175\" data-end=\"195\">2. \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li data-start=\"200\" data-end=\"235\">\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/li><li data-start=\"238\" data-end=\"262\">\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li><li data-start=\"265\" data-end=\"314\">\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19823db1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"19823db1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5189f9c2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5189f9c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-185726c6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"185726c6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4396edfa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4396edfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; text-align: start;\">1. \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/h4><h4 class=\"MsoNormal\" dir=\"RTL\" style=\"direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-DZ\" style=\"font-family: 'Simplified Arabic'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: FR;\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629: \u0635\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a<span style=\"color: #000080;\"> sonia.boutabet@univ-bba.dz<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1379d80 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1379d80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"232\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/\u0635\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627-232x300.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1856\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/\u0635\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627-232x300.png 232w, https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/\u0635\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627-791x1024.png 791w, https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/\u0635\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627-768x995.png 768w, https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/\u0635\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76044ec1 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"76044ec1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dfdef99 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5dfdef99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 1.25rem; font-weight: bold;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645:<\/span><\/p><ul><li data-start=\"81\" data-end=\"150\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629).<\/li><li data-start=\"153\" data-end=\"220\">\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629).<\/li><li data-start=\"223\" data-end=\"279\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627.<\/li><li data-start=\"282\" data-end=\"330\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li><li data-start=\"333\" data-end=\"377\">\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627.<\/li><li data-start=\"380\" data-end=\"454\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ffad4f9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2ffad4f9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77e28b8e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"77e28b8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c79cd0d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5c79cd0d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-614e8d8 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"614e8d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/avatar-du-manager-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1513\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/avatar-du-manager-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/avatar-du-manager-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/droit.univ-bba.dz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/avatar-du-manager.png 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b664c1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b664c1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"margin-bottom: 1.6rem; font-family: 'Times New Roman', sans-serif; font-weight: 400; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">2. \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p><h4 dir=\"RTL\" style=\"direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: center;\"><strong><span lang=\"AR-DZ\" style=\"font-family: 'Simplified Arabic';\">\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629: \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a<span style=\"color: #000080;\"> hayet.herrizi@univ-bba.dz<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f7acc40 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f7acc40\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58f46c64 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58f46c64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 1.25rem; font-weight: bold;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645:<\/span><\/p><ul><li data-start=\"64\" data-end=\"159\"><strong data-start=\"64\" data-end=\"97\">\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642<\/strong>: \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/li><li data-start=\"162\" data-end=\"240\"><strong data-start=\"162\" data-end=\"188\">\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0645<\/strong>: \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li><li data-start=\"243\" data-end=\"327\"><strong data-start=\"243\" data-end=\"271\">\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628.<\/li><li data-start=\"330\" data-end=\"397\"><strong data-start=\"330\" data-end=\"364\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/strong>: \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f.<\/li><li data-start=\"400\" data-end=\"469\"><strong data-start=\"400\" data-end=\"422\">\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a<\/strong>: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/li><li data-start=\"472\" data-end=\"556\"><strong data-start=\"472\" data-end=\"490\">\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631<\/strong>: \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627:<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"flex flex-col text-sm pb-25\"><article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none [--shadow-height:45px] has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"75033d02-dda5-4609-b975-d564a52f4725\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-24\" data-scroll-anchor=\"true\" data-turn=\"assistant\"><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\"><div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"17c1f691-f634-442a-9013-5fde11160fd0\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-2\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[1px]\"><div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert w-full wrap-break-word light markdown-new-styling\"><p><strong data-start=\"46\" data-end=\"65\">1. \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"text-align: right;\" data-start=\"70\" data-end=\"97\">\u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0645.<\/li><li style=\"text-align: right;\" data-start=\"100\" data-end=\"126\">\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f.<\/li><li style=\"text-align: right;\" data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"158\">\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong data-start=\"160\" data-end=\"179\">\u00a02. \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li data-start=\"184\" data-end=\"211\">\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a.<\/li><li data-start=\"214\" data-end=\"250\">\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/li><li data-start=\"253\" data-end=\"278\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><\/div><div class=\"pointer-events-none h-px w-px absolute bottom-0\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-edge=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cef9525 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4cef9525\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0645\u0629: \u0633\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a souhila.mohamadi@univ-bba.dz \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647. \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 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